| deontological
(non-consequentialist) ethical theories
Generally, a normative
stance that views what should be done as determined by fundamental
principles that do not derive solely from consequences. An
act or rule is right insofar as it satisfies the demands of
some overriding (non-consequentialist) principle of moral
duty. Deontologists sometimes stress that the value of actions
lies more in motives than in consequences.
Religious revelation
("divine command") is the historically common foundation
for deontological moral principles: things are right or wrong
if, and only if, commanded or forbidden by God. Natural law
or human reason may also be cited as sources of moral principles.
Some philosophers
(and many sociobiologists) take the position that deontological
principles are simply those that have "tested out"
as having good consequences over a long period, and are accordingly
sanctioned by custom, religious practice, etc. This view reduces
deontological theories to a kind of surreptitious rule utilitarianism.
As with utilitarianism,
non-consequentialist theories come in "act" and
"rule" forms: The former is the position that deontological
principles are -- or should be -- applied by individuals to
each unique circumstance. Situations are seen as too idiosyncratic,
in general, to be subsumable under general rules. The latter
emphasizes application of non-consequentialist principles
in the form of rules, which broadly determine whether particular
kinds of acts are right or wrong.
See also:
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